The response of flow duration curves to afforestation     

Patrick N.J. Lane  Alice E. Best  Klaus Hickel  Lu Zhang 《Journal of Hydrology》2005,310(1-4):253-265

The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual basis. The impact on flow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to (1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the 10 catchments, particularly for the 10–50th percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with two types of responses (groups) being identified. Group 1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zero flow days, with low flows being more affected than high flows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled flow reductions were in accord with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of afforestation on the number of zero flow days (N_zero) for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in N_zero. The zero flow day method could be used to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available.  相似文献   

Control of rheological stratification on rifting geometry: a symmetric model resolving the upper plate paradox     

Thorsten J. Nagel  W. Roger Buck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(6):1047-1057

Numerical experiments reproduce the fundamental architecture of magma-poor rifted margins such as the Iberian or Alpine margins if the lithosphere has a weak mid-crustal channel on top of strong lower crust and a horizontal thermal weakness in the rift center. During model extension, the upper crust undergoes distributed collapse into the rift center where the thermally weakened portion of the model tears. Among the features reproduced by the modeling, we observe: (1) an array of tilted upper-crustal blocks resting directly on exhumed mantle at the distal margin, (2) consistently oceanward-dipping normal faults, (3) a mid-crustal high strain zone at the base of the crustal blocks (S-reflector), (4) new ocean floor up against a low angle normal fault at the tip of the continent, (5) shear zones consistent with continentward-dipping reflectors in the mantle lithosphere, (6) the mismatch frequently observed between stretching values inferred from surface extension and bulk crustal thinning at distal margins (upper plate paradox). Rifting in the experiment is symmetric at a lithospheric scale and the above features develop on both sides of the rift center. We discuss three controversial points in more detail: (1) weak versus strong lower crust, (2) the deformation pattern in the mantle, and (3) the significance of detachment faults during continental breakup. We argue that the transition from wide rifting towards narrow rifting with a pronounced polarity towards the rift center is associated with the advective growth of a thermal perturbation in the mantle lithosphere.  相似文献   

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m)     

Zeming Zhang  Yilin Xiao  Jochen Hoefs  J. G. Liou  Klaus Simon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,152(4):421-441

The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO₂, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO₂, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional modelling and inversion of dc resistivity data incorporating topography – I. Modelling     

Carsten Rücker  Thomas Günther  Klaus Spitzer 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,166(2):495-505

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The Rila-Pastra Normal Fault and multi-stage extensional unroofing in the Rila Mountains (SW Bulgaria)     

Christian Tueckmantel  Silke Schmidt  Markus Neisen  Neven Georgiev  Thorsten J. Nagel  Nikolaus Froitzheim 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2008,101(1):295-310

The Rhodope Metamorphic Province represents the core of an Alpine orogen affected by strong syn- and postorogenic extension. We report evidence for multiple phases of extensional unroofing from the western border of the Rila Mountains in the lower Rila valley, SW Bulgaria. The most prominent structure is the Rila-Pastra Normal Fault (RPNF), a major extensional fault and shear zone of Eocene to Early Oligocene age. The fault zone includes, from base to top, mylonites, ultramylonites and cataclasites, indicating deformation under progressively decreasing temperature, from amphibolite-facies to low-temperature brittle deformation. It strikes E–W with a top-to-the-N-to NW-directed sense of shear. Basement rocks in the hanging wall and footwall both display amphibolite-facies conditions. The foliation of the hanging-wall gneisses, however, is discordantly cut by the fault, while the foliation of the footwall gneisses is seen to curve into parallelism with the fault when approaching it. Two ductile splays of the RPNF occur in the footwall, which are subparallel to the foliation of the surrounding gneisses and merge laterally into the mylonites of the main fault zone. The concordance between the foliation in the footwall and the RPNF suggests that deformation and cooling in the footwall occurred simultaneously with extensional shearing, while the hanging-wall gneisses had already been exhumed previously. The RPNF is associated with thick deposits of an Early Oligocene, syntectonic breccia on top of its hanging wall. Integrating our results with previous studies, we distinguish the following stages of extensional faulting: (1) Late Cretaceous NW–SE extension (Gabrov Dol Detachment), exhumation of the present day hanging wall of the RPNF; (2) Eocene to Early Oligocene NW–SE to N–S extension (RPNF); (3) Miocene to Pliocene E–W extension (Western Border Fault), formation of the Djerman Graben; (4) Holocene to recent N–S to NW–SE extension (Stob Fault), reactivating the SW part of the Western Border Fault.  相似文献   

Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Bibliographic Review 2007     

Klaus Peter Jochum  Stefanie M. Brueckner  Uwe Nohl  Brigitte Stoll  Ulrike Weis 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(4):509-514

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High-velocity migration of large earthquakes along the Azores-Iran plate boundary segment     

Klaus Meyer  Rune Olsson  Ota Kulhánek 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(6):831-847

Between 1 January 1980 and 28 July 1981, a series of large earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes around 7, took place along the western segment of the Alpide belt. The sequence started in the Azores and migrated eastward along the belt at a rate of about 4400 km/yr with consecutive large events in northern Algeria, southern Italy, southern Greece and Iran. Two different methods are employed to identify similar series and corresponding migration velocities during earlier time periods of this century. The data set used contains all earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes larger than 6.3 and covers the time interval 1901–81. The concept of linear migration is tested for eastward and/or westward propagation, considering high migration velocities from 1600 to 11 000 km/yr. Results obtained are not homogeneous with respect to the two opposite migration directions, west-east and east-west, and we interpret this as a net drift of earthquake activity from the west to the east. Our efforts here are concentrated on analysis of observational data and on estabilishing the uniqueness of migration patterns. Because of the complexity of the tectonic system in question, we did not attempt to establish a mechanism explaining the migration of the observed earthquake sequences.  相似文献   

Agrarian development and conflicts of land utilization in the coastal plains of Calabria (South Italy)     

Dr. Klaus Rother 《GeoJournal》1986,13(1):27-35

In the Mediterranean area modern economic development is concentrating more and more on the favourably situated coastal plains. The coastal plains of Calabria, which are examined on the basis of land utilization mapping, form, in this backward S Italian region, individually characteristic areas of different levels of agrarian development. Areas with insufficient aid and stagnating development and those with a strong initial developmental impulse and hesitant further development, stand face-to-face with areas with a continuous upward trend. The latter fit into the ranks of those consolidated agricultural regions of S Italy in which government aid and private initiative are multifariously intertwined and together support the process of development. Up to now, however, the different non-agricultural interests have impeded the continuing progress of the process more and more and given rise to awkward land utilization conflicts. Through settlement expansion, the building of transport facilities and ports for industrial zones as well as tourism, the use of land for agriculture is, to an increasing extent, being taken away so that regional planning seems imperative.  相似文献   

Summer distribution of dissolved Cd,Co, Cu,Mn, and Ni in central North Sea waters     

Dr. Klaus Kremling  Alfred Wenck  Christa Pohl 《Ocean Dynamics》1987,40(3):103-114

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Inversions Beneath the thermocline in the north-western Mediterranean     

Dr. Ekkehard Mittelstaedt  Dr. Klaus Huber 《Ocean Dynamics》1973,26(4):145-154

Summary Vertical temperature traces in the north-western Mediteranean show remarkably leafy structures at depths between 100 m and 300 m. The individual layers are stable over several days. Their horizontal extension is larger than 20 nm. The thickness amounts to 25–50 m. It is suggested that these interleavings of slightly different water masses are due to lateral mixing processes in the vicinity of the working area.

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Inversionen unterhalb der Sprungschicht im nordwestlichen Mittelmeer

Zusammenfassung Temperaturprofile im nordwestlichen Mittelmeer weisen eine auffällig blättrige Struktur in Tiefen von 100–300 m auf. Die einzelnen Schichten sind über mehrere TAge stabil. Ihre horizontale Ausdehnung ist größer als 20 sm. Die vertikale Mächtigkeit beträgt 25–50 m. Es wird angenommen, daß die schichtförmigen Einschübe schwach unterschiedlicher Wassermassen durch Vermischung in der Umgebung des Arbeitsgebietes entstanden sind.

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Inversions du gradient de température au-dessous de la thermocline dans le Nord Ouest de la Méditerranée

Résumé Les tracés verticaux de la température, dans le Nord Ouest de la Méditerranée ont des structures remarquablement superposées en minces feuillets, à des profondeurs comprises entre 100 et 300 mètres. Les couches individuelles sont stables pendant plusieurs jours. Elles s'étendent horizontalement sur plus de 20 milles nautiques. Leur épaisseur atteint 25 à 50 mètres. On suppose que ces superpositions de masses d'eau légèrement différentes sont dues à des processus de mélange latéral au voisinage de la région d'opération.

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